A report by the American Academy of OphthalmologyMelinda Y. Chang et al., 2021 IntroduzioneL’insufficienza di convergenza (CI) è un disordine della visione binoculare in cui la capacità diconvergere per osservare un target posto a distanza ravvicinata è ridotta.Si stima che...
Rosenfield MLa pratica Optometrica si sta espandendo in diversi Paesi in tutto il mondo e, mentrela professione muta occupandosi sempre più spesso e più a fondo di primary care,terapia e trattamento delle patologie oculari, a volte si può avere l’impressione...
Bist J, Kaphle D, Marasini S and Himal Kandel ObiettivoLa non tolleranza agli occhiali o gli eventi avversi all’uso di occhiali rappresentano unapreoccupazione reale sia per i pazienti che per i professionisti che si occupano di visione. Lamancanza di impattare...
Go Mawatari, Saeko Uchida, Nobushisa Nao-I Obiettivo: le lenti progressive sono un modo efficiente e comodo di compensare la presbiopia,specialmente in soggetti di mezza età che hanno bisogno di occhiali da lettura. Tuttavia, con le lentiprogressive, la visione perfierica può...
Giada Campo Dall’Orto a, Alessio Facchin a,b,c,d, Alessia Bellatorre a, Silvio Maffioletti a,d, Marina Serio a,e,a,Degree Course of Optics and Optometry, University of Torino, Italy b,Department of Psychology, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italyc,Optics and Optometry Research Center, University of...
Szczesna-Iskander D., Quintana C.Introduzione: La valutazione del tempo di rottura del film lacrimale (tear break- up time, TBUT) può essere svolta in maniera non invasiva e invasiva: la prima modalità sfrutta la riflessione degli anelli del disco di Placido di...
Jiméneza EC, Romeo A Zapatae LP, Puiga MS, Bustos-Valenzuelaa P, Cañeteg J, Casalg PV, Supèr H. Introduzione: le persone dislessiche o con difficoltà di lettura, risultano avere un deficit funzionaledelle vie visive dorsali e dell’attenzione. Quest’ultima comporta una difficoltà nel...
Teng Leng Ooi 1 , Zijiang J He 21College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA;2Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville,Louisville, KY, USA La dominanza oculare si riferisce alla preferenza nell’ utilizzare un occhio rispetto...
Lee L, Burnett AM, Panos JG, Paudel P, Keys D, Ansari HM, Yu M.Introduzione: La stampa in 3D sfrutta il processo di manifattura additiva, cosiddettaperché aggiunge multistrati di materiali per produrre il prodotto finale e nonnecessita di sottrarre materiale di...
Elliott DB, Black AA ,Wood JMIntroduzione: È risaputo che le persone anziane si adattano ai cambiamentirefrattivi più difficilmente rispetto ai giovani e agli adulti. Mentre uno studio clinicorandomizzato ha dimostrato che la correzione di errori refrattivi post-rimozione dicataratta riduca la...
David H. Burns, Peter M. Allen, David F. Edgar, Bruce J.W. Evans La misura dell’ampiezza accomodativa (AoA) è una procedura di routine effettuata durante un esame optometrico di base. Per ampiezza accomodativa si intende il massimo range accomodativo di ciascun...
Christine de Weger, Nienke Boonstra and Jeroen Goosens Introduzione: i bambini con sindrome di Down (Down Syndrome, DS) hanno generalmente delle funzioni visive ridotte. Il 50-90% di essi, presenta un’accomodazione ridotta e un lag accomodativo ridotto sia da lontano che...
CITT-ART Investigator Group L’insufficienza di convergenza è un disturbo della visione binoculare caratterizzato da un’insufficienza di convergenza e dalla difficoltà di mantenere una fusione binoculare da vicino. Dai dati presenti in letteratura, si stima che l’insufficienza di convergenza interessi dai...
Jos J Rozema1,2 , Sarah Hershko1,2, Marie-Jos_e Tassignon1,2, for EVICR.net, Project Gullstrand Study Group† 1Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium, and 2Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium Scopo: lo studio mira ad esaminare...
Jolly JK, Gray JM, Salvetti AP, Han RC, MacLaren RE. Introduzione: Una ridotta acuità visiva (AV), inferiore ai 1.6 LogMAR (massima acuità misurata con il EDTRS) generalmente viene valutata con l’utilizzo di metodi non quantitativi, come ad esempio chiedere di...
Kaltenegger K, Kuester S, Altpeter-Ott E, Eschweiler GW, Cordey A, Ivanov IV, Martus P, Knipp C, Trauzettel-Klosinski S. Introduzione: La degenerazione maculare (DM) senile è una patologia che provoca un deficit visivo, riduce la qualità di vita e induce depressione....
Highlights • In phoria adaptation the version and slow fusional vergence systems may interact. • Results have impact for measuring vergence fusional range. • Asymmetrical phoria adaptation was similar to symmetrical phoria adaptation but differed in the response to base-out prisms. Abstract...
Purpose This descriptive study provides a summary of the binocular anomalies seen in elementary school children identified with reading problems. Methods A retrospective chart review of all children identified with reading problems and seen by the University of Waterloo, Optometry...
Purpose To establish whether the cover test and von Graefe methods are interchangeable in a non-presbyopic and presbyopic population. Methods We performed a prospective study on a sample of 127 non-presbyopic subjects between 20 and 45 years old and 56...
Purpose The aim of this work was to examine the impact of Seidel spherical aberration (SA) on optimum refractive state for detecting and discriminating small bright lights on a dark background. Methods An adaptive-optics system was used to correct ocular...
Abstract Background Common paediatric perimetry techniques require central fixation and subjective responses, which may be challenging for young or cognitively impaired children. The Saccadic Vector Optokinetic Perimeter (SVOP) was designed to overcome these challenges by using infra‐red eye tracking to...
Abstract Background Visual impairment is globally among the most prevalent disabilities. Research concerning the health consequences of visual deficits is challenged by confounding effects of age, because visual impairment becomes more prevalent with age. This study investigates the influence of...
Abstract Background Many studies have shown that patients with intermittent exotropia have different degrees of damage to their stereopsis function. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of different refractive status on stereopsis in children with intermittent...
Abstract Reading is slow and difficult for people with central vision loss who must rely on their peripheral vision. It has been shown that practicing on a letter-recognition task can increase peripheral reading speed, and that the training-related improvement is...
Key Points Question Can binocular optical coherence tomography (OCT) be used to measure the size of strabismus? Findings This study included 15 participants with strabismus and 15 healthy volunteers. In participants with strabismus, binocular OCT imaging correctly revealed the type and direction...
SIGNIFICANCE For people with limited vision, wearable displays hold the potential to digitally enhance visual function. As these display technologies advance, it is important to understand their promise and limitations as vision aids. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to test...
Abstract Purpose: To develop an objective psychophysical method to quantify light-induced visual discomfort, and to measure the effects of viewing condition and stimulus wavelength. Methods: Eleven visually normal subjects participated in the study. Their pupils were dilated (2.5% phenylephrine) before the experiment....
Abstract Background/aims To investigate the presence of asymmetrical accommodation in hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. Methods Accommodation in each eye and binocular vergence were measured simultaneously using a PlusoptiX SO4 photorefractor in 26 children aged 4–8 years with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia and 13 controls...
Highlights • Playing a custom child friendly action videogame resulted in improved visual acuity. • Improvement of 1.4 lines after 20 h compared to more than 100 h of patching. • The action videogame approach may be an effective adjunct treatment for amblyopia....
Topic Presbyopia prevalence and spectacle-correction coverage were estimated by systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic evidence, then modeled to expand to country, region, and global estimates. Clinical Relevance Understanding presbyopia epidemiologic factors and correction coverage is critical to overcoming the...
Background To determine the test‐retest reproducibility of accommodative facility (AF) measures in an unselected sample of UK primary school children. Methods Using ±2.00 DS flippers and a viewing distance of 40 cm, AF was measured in 136 children (range 4–12 years, average...
SIGNIFICANCE Currently, treatments for amblyopia are occlusion or penalization of the stronger fellow eye. Fewer than 30% of patients improve stereoacuity using these treatments. In order to improve these outcomes, this group proposes a treatment to stimulate the stereoacuity through perceptual...
SIGNIFICANCE Prior studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of vergence-accommodative therapy in the treatment of convergence insufficiency (CI). These results show the changes in brain activation following therapy through the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). PURPOSE The purpose of this study...
LINK PER SCARICARE APP ANDROID LINK PER SCARICARE APP IPHONE AV Converter – APP Punti tipografici (corpo tipografico): Unità usata in campo tipografico e nel word processing per specificare la dimensione di un carattere. Un punto tipografico equivale ad 1/72...
Abstract Background Computer users frequently complain about problems with seeing and functioning of the eyes. Asthenopia is a term generally used to describe symptoms related to (prolonged) use of the eyes like ocular fatigue, headache, pain or aching around the...
Abstract Background The purpose of low-vision rehabilitation is to allow people to resume or to continue to perform daily living tasks, with reading being one of the most important. This is achieved by providing appropriate optical devices and special training...
SIGNIFICANCE Growing popularity of handheld digital devices imposes significant challenges to our visual system and clinical management. This study aimed to determine the effects of lens design on parameters that may influence the refractive management of pre-presbyopic adult computer users. PURPOSE To...
Abstract Coloured overlays or lenses are widely available for use by children and adults with difficulties or discomfort while reading. In recent years, systematic reviews have been conducted in an attempt to establish the strength of the evidence base for...
Abstract Purpose This pilot study sought to determine the efficacy of using the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test in the adult, acquired brain injury (ABI) population to quantify clinically the effects of controlled, laboratory-performed, oculomotor-based vision therapy/vision rehabilitation. Methods Nine...
Abstract Background To evaluate the impact of treatment of symptomatic convergence insufficiency using office‐based vergence/accommodative therapy on reading skills in children. Methods Children (n = 44) ages nine to 17 years with symptomatic convergence insufficiency were administered the following four reading tests: Wechsler...
To assess agreement between accommodative lag by monocular estimation method (MEM) retinoscopy and Nott retinoscopy compared to open‐field autorefraction using spherical equivalent versus power in the 180 meridian for both children and adults. Methods Twenty‐six children aged 7–16 years (mean:...
Highlights • Eye movements in reading affected by reduced binocular input in the parafovea. • Disruption is observed in both word-level and sentence-level reading time measures. • Word recognition processes, rather than binocular saccadic targeting are affected. • Efficient parafoveal...
ABSTRACT Purpose: To study the accommodative dynamics for predictable and unpredictable stimuli using manual and automated accommodative facility tests Materials and Methods: Seventeen young healthy subjects were tested monocularly in two consecutive sessions, using five different conditions. Two conditions replicated...
Abstract Purpose: To quantify ocular sensory dominance and investigate its relationship to stereopsis. Method: A total of 69 subjects participated in the study. Ocular dominance was measured by a continuous flashing technique, with the tested eye viewing a Gabor patch increasing in...
Abstract Purpose: To explore differences in driving performance of older adults with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and age-matched controls, and to identify the visual determinants of driving performance in this population. Methods: Participants included 33 older drivers with AMD (mean age [M]...
Abstract Background This explorative study investigated procedures for the self-assessment of spherocylindrical refractive errors. Methods Eighteen participants with a mean age of 34.0 ± 8.8 years were enrolled. Adjustable Alvarez lenses were mounted in a rotatable ring holder and two procedures were tested...
Abstract One of the factors proposed to regulate the eye growth is the error signal derived from the defocus in the retina and actually, this might arise from defocus not only in the fovea but the whole visual field. Therefore,...
Abstract Traditional perceptual learning protocols rely almost exclusively on long periods of uninterrupted fixation. Taking a first step towards understanding perceptual learning in natural vision, we had observers report the orientation of a briefly flashed stimulus (clockwise or counterclockwise from...
Abstract Purpose To investigate non-cycloplegic changes in refractive error prior to the onset of presbyopia. Methods The Aston Longitudinal Assessment of Presbyopia (ALAP) study is a prospective 2.5 year longitudinal study, measuring objective refractive error using a binocular open-field WAM-5500...
Abstract Purpose To report the frequency of binocular vision (BV) anomalies in children with specific learning disorders (SLD) and to assess the efficacy of vision therapy (VT) in children with a non-strabismic binocular vision anomaly (NSBVA). Methods The study was...
Sorgente: Test-retest variability of cyclodeviations measured using the double Maddox rod test...
Highlights • Reduction of visual acuity is symmetric for positive and negative defocus. • Optical vergence does not affect defocused visual acuity significantly. • Visual system is capable of integrating chromatic aberration to detect the sign of defocus. Abstract The...
Abstract PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of induced vertical disparity on horizontal fusional reserves at near. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 170 healthy subjects wearing best corrective refraction, the negative and positive horizontal fusional reserves...
Abstract Purpose To evaluate impact of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) on short out-loud and sustained-silent reading speeds, and reading comprehension. Design Prospective, cross-sectional Methods: Setting Wilmer Eye Institute Population Literate, native-English speakers with and without AMD. AMD participants had better-eye...
Abstract This study investigated the influence of five days of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on the acquisition and consolidation of visual perceptual learning using a motion direction discrimination (MDD) task. The timing of exercise relative to learning was manipulated by...
How post-saccadic target blanking affects the detection of stimulus displacements across saccades Abstract When a visual stimulus is displaced during a saccade the displacement is often not noticed unless it is large compared to the amplitude of the eye movement. Displacement detection is...
Abstract We all pass out our lives in private perceptual worlds. The differences in our sensory and perceptual experiences often go unnoticed until there emerges a variation (such as ‘The Dress’) that is large enough to generate different descriptions in...
Highlights • Disparity threshold data for sinusoidal corrugations contained two factors. • Factors loaded onto low (<0.4 cpd) and high (0.8 cpd) spatial frequencies. • Each factor had nearly identical tuning for horizontal and vertical patterns. • The factors were correlated, implying separate...
Abstract Israeli Air Force (IAF) pilots continue flying combat missions after the symptoms of natural near-vision deterioration, termed presbyopia, begin to be noticeable. Because modern pilots rely on the displays of the aircraft control and performance instruments, near visual acuity...
Abstract Purpose To compare visual acuity (VA) improvement in teenagers with amblyopia treated with a binocular iPad game versus part-time patching. Methods One hundred participants aged 13 to <17 years (mean 14.3 years) with amblyopia (20/40 to 20/200, mean ∼20/63)...
Abstract Background There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend vision screening for children < 36 months of age. This study assessed the effect of comprehensive vision screening, as well as the sensitivity of age-appropriate vision tests, at two years of age...
Abstract We study optical technologies for viewer-tracked autostereoscopic 3D display (VTA3D), which provides improved 3D image quality and extended viewing range. In particular, we utilize a technique—the so-called dynamic fusion of viewing zone (DFVZ)—for each 3D optical line to realize...
Abstract Background To report the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in seven-year-old children in Iran and its relationship with socio-economic conditions. Methods In a cross-sectional population-based study, first-grade students in the primary schools of eight cities in the country...
Background: Reading from tablets is fundamental to modern culture. This study measured differences in the blink rate and symptoms of ocular discomfort in healthy participants during reading from a tablet and a paper book. Methods: Forty healthy, normal males subjects were recruited...
ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the prevalence of amblyopia and its determinants in a population-based study in Mashhad County, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted on the population of Mashhad County aged >1 year using randomized stratified cluster sampling....
Tradotto e adattato da The minimum test battery to screen for binocular vision anomalies: report 3 of the BAND study Punti chiave La finalità dello studio è quella di individuare una batteria minima di test finalizzata allo screening dei disordini binoculari...
Abstract Purpose To validate the Near Activity Vision Questionnaire (NAVQ) in Italian to allow the assessment of presbyopia corrections in Italian-speaking patients. Methods An Italian version of the NAVQ was arranged through several steps: an initial forward translation (from English...
Commento CD SOPTIPubblicazione scientifica peer-review a firma anche della Segretaria SOPTI Tiziana Ruffinatto, insieme a Assunta Di Vizio e a Fabrizio Zeri, optometristi italiani. E' di ulteriore stimolo per cercare di finalizzare il lavoro di studio, clinica e di ricerca...
Abstract Purpose This study seeks to establish the utility of the SmartButton Data Logger (www.acrsystems.com) to monitor spectacle wear for research and clinical applications. Methods Fifty adults wore a thermosensor on their spectacles for 2 weeks for each of two mount...
Tradotto e adattato da Tests for detecting strabismus in children aged 1 to 6 years in the community Punti Chiave: Lo studio è finalizzato a valutare l’accuratezza dei test per lo screening dello strabismo nella popolazione generale, condotto da professionisti non-esperti,...
It is commonly assumed that saccades in the dark are slower than saccades in a lit room. Early studies that investigated this issue using electrooculography (EOG) often compared memory guided saccades in darkness to visually guided saccades in an illuminated...
Purpose: To investigate how age and other factors affect astigmatism in Japanese adults over a period of 5 years. Methods: We included 512 Japanese participants who had undergone systemic and ophthalmological examinations both in 2005-2007 and in 2010-2012 in Funagata...
Abstract Purpose: This study investigated the anterior ocular anatomic origin of high-order aberration (HOA) components using optical coherence tomography and a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. Methods: A customized system was built to simultaneously capture images of ocular wavefront aberrations and anterior ocular biometry....
Abstract Background Ocular dominance can be defined as the preference of an individual for viewing with one eye over the other for particular visual tasks. It is relevant to monovision contact lens wear, cataract surgery and sports vision. Clinically, the...
Article Outline Screening Eye Examination Autorefraction-Based Eyeglass Prescription Supplementary Data References In the United States, approximately 8.2 million people older than 40 years of age have visual impairment resulting from uncorrected refractive error (RE).1 Subjective refraction (SR) performed by a licensed...
SIGNIFICANCE: The accommodative response is more affected by the type of refractive error than the method of stimulation, field of view (FOV), or stimulus depth. PURPOSE: This study aims to analyze the effect of stimulation method, stimulus depth, and FOV...
Key Points Question What are the cumulative incidences and age-specific incidence profiles of the major strabismus subtypes in Danish children? Findings In a Danish population-based cohort of 96 842 children, 1309 cases of strabismus were identified, giving a cumulative incidence of 2.56% at...
Tradotto e adattato da : The effect of blue-light blocking spectacle lenses on visual performance, macular health and the sleep-wake cycle: a systematic review of the literature Punti chiave:· esperti e aziende consigliano lenti oftalmiche trasparenti blue-blocking, al fine di ridurre l’affaticamento oculare da...
Although essential to visual perception, light can potentially act as an ocular hazard. Sunlight comprises of radiation from the electromagnetic spectrum, extending from the longer wavelengths of the ultraviolet (UV) region (~290 nm) to the far infrared. Importantly, the natural...
This editorial fronts the first virtual issue on Presbyopia for Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. Virtual issues are a collection of papers from previously published issues of the journal that are brought together in a single, online issue. All the OPO papers...
The Irlen Institute claim to have treated more than a million people with individualised, precision-coloured lenses to improve vision-related symptoms and reading.1 However, the evidence for this treatment is lacking and the Irlen approach sits under ‘Other unproved methods’ alongside...
Rajaraman Suryakumar, Robert Allison J Optom. 2016;9:40-6 Abstract – Full text – PDF Sorgente: Accommodation and pupil responses to random-dot stereograms [Free article]...
Abstract: Infantile nystagmus (IN), previously known as congenital nystagmus, is an involuntary to-and-fro movement of the eyes that persists throughout life. IN is one of three types of early-onset nystagmus that begin in infancy, alongside fusion maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome and...
Purpose: To study the diagnostic accuracy and effectiveness in children of a new autorefractor with eye-tracking capability.Methods: Children aged 3-17 years were tested with a Marco Nidek ARK-560A autorefractor before and after cycloplegia. Sorgente: The effectiveness of an autorefractor with...
To compare Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey scores for required reading for school versus scores for leisure reading. Sorgente: Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey scores for required reading versus leisure reading in school-age children...
Abstract Purpose To explore the effect of small-aperture optics, designed to aid presbyopes by increasing ocular depth-of-focus, on measurements of the visual field. Methods Simple theoretical and ray-tracing models were used to predict the impact of different designs of small-aperture...
Sorgente: Presbyopia: physiology, prevention and pathways to correction...
Corneal astigmatism is common in patients with cataract1 and toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is an effective way to correct astigmatism.2,3 There is a long-term against-the-rule (ATR) change of corneal astigmatism with aging and it is similar in pseudophakic and...
Purpose To evaluate stereoacuity using a combination of a phoropter and two 4K smartphones. Methods A stereopsis measurement system was established using a phoropter (Topcon VT-10) and two Sony 4K smartphones (Sony Xperia Z5 Premium Dual E6883). Sorgente: Stereoacuity measurement...
Xiang Zhou, Renhui Guo, Wenhua Zhu, Donghui Zheng, Lei Chen We propose a pinhole linear polarizer point-diffraction interferometer (PLP-PDI) for dynamic wavefront measurements. The proposed interferometer uses a metallic wire grid linear polarizer that acts as a point-diffraction plate to...
Human vision quality is influenced by ocular aberrations, including astigmatism and higher-order aberrations (HOAs), in combination with other optical factors. In this study, we introduce the results and perceptions of previous studies investigating these aberrations. Sorgente: Age-Related Changes in Ocular...
As a result of the shallow depth of focus of the optical imaging system, the use of standard filtered back projection in optical projection tomography causes space-variant tangential blurring that increases with the distance to the rotation axis. Sorgente: Point...
SIGNIFICANCE: Among 4- and 5-year-old children, deficits in measures of attention, visual-motor integration (VMI) and visual perception (VP) are associated with moderate, uncorrected hyperopia (3 to 6 diopters [D]) accompanied by reduced near visual function (near visual acuity worse than...
Purpose To determine whether the yellow filters often used for glare reduction influence retinal straylight measured in healthy eyes. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium. Design Prospective case series. Methods For each eye, the spherical equivalent (SE)...
Abstract Purpose To investigate the factors associated with stereopsis in patients with refractive accommodative esotropia. Methods The medical records of patients with refractive accommodative esotropia from January 2008 to June 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. Age, sex, cycloplegic refractive error, presence...
http://www.jovr.org/article.aspissn=2008322X;year=2017;volume=12;issue=2;spage=187;epage=192;aulast=Jang Abstract Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of vision therapy among Korean elementary school children with convergence insufficiency. Methods: A total of 235 elementary schoolchildren, 10.13 ± 2.45 years of age, were subjected to thorough eye examination including binocular vision...
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698916301432 Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a reduction of the accommodative lag is possible by training the accuracy of accommodation using auditory biofeedback. Accommodation responses were measured in thirty-one young adults with myopia for dioptric...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cxo.12550/abstract;jsessionid=4CCF923720C7D75DFE3378B3788E8371.f02t02 Abstract Purpose The aim was to determine the distribution and associated factors of accommodative amplitude (AA) in six- to 12-year-old children and compare the results with those calculated using Hofstetter’s formula. Methods In a cross-sectional study in 2015, random...
http://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/prepublication/Real_Time_Non_Intrusive_Assessment_of_Viewing.98435.aspx Purpose: To develop and test the sensitivity of an ultrasound-based sensor to assess the viewing distance of visual display terminals operators in real-time conditions. Methods: A modified ultrasound sensor was attached to a computer display to assess viewing...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/opo.12316/abstract Purpose: There are many anecdotal claims and research reports that coloured lenses and overlays improve reading performance. Here we present the results of a systematic review of this literature and examine the quality of the evidence. Methods: We systematically...
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